TABLE DES MATIÈRES
1. CONCLUSIONS ET
RECOMMANDATIONS
1. Gestion de l'environnement
Renforcer l'efficacité et l'efficience de la mise en oeuvre de la politique de
l'environnement
Air
Eau
Déchets
Nature
2. Vers une « société harmonieuse » et un développement écologiquement
durable
Intégration de l'environnement dans les décisions économiques
Intégration des décisions environnementales et
sociales
3. Coopération internationale
Partie I GESTION ENVIRONNEMENTALE
2. CONTEXTE
1. Contexte physique
2. Contexte économique
3. Contexte social
4. Contexte institutionnel
Sources principales
3. GESTION DE L'AIR
Recommandations
Conclusions
1. Objectifs
2. Qualité de l'air ambiant et émissions
3. Gestion de la qualité de l'air
4. Intégration des objectifs de gestion de l'air dans la politique énergétique
5. Intégration des objectifs de gestion de l'air dans la politique
des transports
Sources principales
4. GESTION DE L'EAU
Recommandations
Conclusions
1. Objectifs
2. Gestion de la qualité de l'eau
3. Gestion des ressources en eau
Sources principales
5. GESTION DES DÉCHETS
Recommandations
Conclusions
1. Cadre de gestion des déchets
2. Performances en matière de gestion des déchets
Sources principales
6. NATURE ET BIODIVERSITÉ
Recommandations
Conclusions
1. Objectifs
2. Protection et rétablissement des espèces
3. Habitats et zones protégées
4. Prise en compte des enjeux de la biodiversité dans le secteur
forestier
5. Coopération internationale
Sources principales
Partie II DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
7. INTÉGRATION ENVIRONNEMENT-ÉCONOMIE
Recommandations
Conclusions
Intégration de l'environnement dans les décisions économiques
Renforcer l'efficacité et l'efficience de la mise en oeuvre de la politique de
l'environnement
1. Vers le développement durable
2. Mise en oeuvre de la politique
d'environnement
Sources principales
8. INTERFACE ENVIRONNEMENT-SOCIAL
Recommandations
Conclusions
1. Disparités sociales et environnement
2. Santé et environnement
3. Démocratie environnementale
Sources principales
Partie III COOPÉRATION INTERNATIONALE
9. COOPÉRATION INTERNATIONALE
Recommandations
Conclusions
1. Objectifs, institutions et mécanismes
2. Questions d'ampleur régionale
3. Problèmes d'ampleur mondiale relatifs au milieu marin
4. Problèmes d'ampleur mondiale : appauvrissement de la couche d'ozone stratosphérique
5. Problèmes d'ampleur mondiale : changement climatique
6. Problèmes d'ampleur mondiale : commerce et investissement
7. Environnement et développement
Sources principales
RÉFÉRENCES
I.A Données sur l'environnement
I.B Données économiques
I.C Données sociales
II.A Listes d'accord multilatéraux (mondiaux)
II.B Listes d'accord multilatéraux (régionaux)
III. Abréviations
IV. Sites Internet liés à l'environnement.
Table des matières
Introduction
Chapitre 1. Contexte démographique et économique
Chapitre 2. État de santé
Chapitre 3. Déterminants non médicaux de la santé
Chapitre 4. Ressources en santé et leur utilisation
Chapitre 5. Dépenses de santé et financement
Chapitre 6. Qualité des soins
Bibliographie
Annexes
Il est indispensable de bien comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les décisions des individus à l´égard de l'environnement si l´on veut élaborer des stratégies de croissance qui favorisent des modes de vie plus « verts ». Les récents travaux menés par
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the results from the Survey of Adult Skills related to problem solving in technology-rich environments, along with measures concerning the use of ICT and problem solving. The Nordic countries and the Netherlands have the largest proportions of adults (around 40%) who score at the higher levels in problem solving, while Ireland, Poland and the Slovak Republic have the smallest proportions of adults (around 20%) who score at those levels. Variations in countries' proficiency in problem solving using ICT are found to reflect differences in access to the Internet and in the frequency with which adults use e-mail. The report finds that problem-solving proficiency is strongly associated with both age and general cognitive proficiency, even after taking other relevant factors into account. Proficiency in problem solving using ICT is related to greater participation in the labour force, lower unemployment, and higher wages. By contrast, a lack of computer experience has a substantial negative impact on labour market outcomes, even after controlling for other factors. The discussion considers policies that promote ICT access and use, opportunities for developing problem-solving skills in formal education and through lifelong learning, and the importance of problem-solving proficiency in the context of e-government services.
Innovation is key to green growth. It helps decouple growth from natural capital depletion and contributes to economic growth and job creation. Business is the driver of innovation, but governments need to provide clear and stable market signals, e.g. through carbon pricing. This book explores policy actions for the deployment of new technologies and innovations as they emerge: investment in research and development, support for commercialisation, strengthening markets and fostering technology diffusion. Competition will be essential to bring out the best solutions.
The National Accounts of OECD Countries, Financial Balance Sheets includes financial stocks (both financial assets and liabilities), by institutional sector (non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, households and non-profit institutions serving households, total economy and rest of the world) and by financial instrument.
Ce rapport est le troisième examen des performances environnementales de l'Italie. Il évalue les progrès vers le développement durable et la croissance verte, et met l'accent sur les politiques qui favorisent une gestion plus efficace et efficiente de l'eau et la lutte contre le changement climatique.
Climate-related disasters have inflicted increasingly high losses on developing countries, and with climate change, these losses are likely to worsen. Improving country resilience against climate risks is therefore vital for achieving poverty reduction and economic development goals.
This report discusses the current state of knowledge on how to build climate resilience in developing countries. It argues that climate-resilient development requires moving beyond the climate-proofing of existing development pathways, to consider economic development objectives and resilience priorities in parallel. Achieving this will require political vision and a clear understanding of the relation between climate and development, as well as an adapted institutional set-up, financing arrangements, and progress monitoring and evaluation. The report also discusses two priorities for climate-resilient development: disaster risk management and the involvement of the private sector.
The report builds on a growing volume of country experiences on building climate resilience into national development planning. Two country case studies, Ethiopia and Colombia, are discussed in detail.
The Nuclear Energy Agency's annual "brown book" provides readers a comprehensive and easy-to-access overview of the current situation and expected trends in various sectors of the nuclear fuel cycle. It includes data on total and nuclear electricity generation and generation capacity, nuclear power plants by development stage, and data on uranium resources, production, conversion, and enrichment, spent fuel storage and reprocessing.
This report considers the potential of marine biotechnology to contribute to economic and social prosperity by making use of recent advances in science and technology. It discusses scientific and technological tools at the centre of a renewed interest in marine biotechnology, contributing to a new bioeconomy sector in many countries, and offering potential new solutions to global challenges. It also examines how these advances are improving our understanding of marine life and facilitating access to, and study of, marine organisms and ecosystems, and it considers the largely untapped potential of these bioresources.
This promise is considered alongside the challenges associated with the development of these resources which exist with complex ecosystems and fluidly distributed in a vast, largely shared environment. The report makes the case for a new global framework for the sustainable development of marine biotechnology and identifies some areas that will benefit from focused attention as governments develop policies to support it. In addition to this prospective view, this report identifies some early policy lessons learned by the governments which are leading attempts to benefit from bioresources.
In many OECD countries, governments have invested large amounts of public money to support renewable energy (RE) development and are requiring significant quantities of it to be sold by energy providers. But what are the economic impacts of these policies on the rural regions where deployment takes place? How can RE bring the greatest benefit to host regions? These are some of the questions explored by this study. Drawing on case studies in 16 regions within 10 countries, the research finds that while RE indeed represents an opportunity for stimulating economic growth in rural communities, its development benefits are not automatic. Realising them requires a complex and flexible policy framework and a long-term strategy, as well as a realistic appreciation of the potential gains from RE deployment. Making a positive connection between RE development and local economic growth will require more coherent strategies, the right set of local conditions, and a place-based approach to deployment.
Ce premier examen des performances environnementales de la Slovénie évalue les progrès réalisés dans le domaine du développement durable, l'amélioration de la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques environnementales et économiques et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Il couvre des sujets tels que la croissance verte, la gestion environnementale, le changement climatique, la pollution atmosphérique et la gestion des déchets.
The report provides evidence-based assessment and policy recommendations in support of Mexico's water reform.
It analyses implementation bottlenecks and identifies good practices in four key areas considered as essential drivers for change in the water sector of Mexico: multi-level and river basin governance; economic efficiency and financial sustainability; and regulatory functions for water supply and sanitation.
This report is the result of a one-year policy dialogue between the OECD and Mexico, after the adoption of the 2030 Water Agenda as a strategic and long-term vision for Mexico's water sector.
This review of Estonia's energy policies analyses the energy policy challenges and opportunities facing Estonia, and provides critiques and recommendations for future policy improvements. It finds that Estonia is actively seeking to reduce the intensity of its energy system. Many of these efforts are focused on oil shale, which the country has been using for almost a century and which meets 70% of its energy demand. While it provides a large degree of energy security, oil shale is highly carbon-intensive.The government is seeking to lessen the negative environmental impact by phasing out old power plants and developing new technologies to reduce significantly CO2 emissions.The efforts on oil shale complement Estonia's solid track record of modernising its overall energy system. Since restoring its independence in 1991, Estonia has fully liberalised its electricity and gas markets and attained most national energy policy targets and commitments for 2020. It has also started preparing its energy strategy to 2030, with an outlook to 2050. Estonia is also promoting energy market integration with neighbouring EU member states.
This report is the third OECD review of Sweden's environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on Sweden's longstanding commitment to mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases and its management of marine ecosystem services and water.
This report sets out the challenge for freshwater in a changing climate and provides policy guidance on how to navigate this new "waterscape". It highlights the range of expected changes in the water cycle and the challenge of making practical, on-site adaptation decisions for water. It offers policymakers a risk-based approach to better "know", "target" and "manage" water risks and proposes policy guidelines to prioritise action and improve the efficiency, timeliness and equity of adaptation responses.
The report also highlights general trends and good practices drawn from the OECD Survey of Policies on Water and Climate Change Adaptation, covering all 34 member countries and the European Commission. Individual country profiles are available, which provide a snapshot of the challenges posed by climate change for freshwater and the emerging policy responses (on-line only).
Finally, the report highlights the benefits of well-designed economic instruments (e.g. insurance schemes, water trading, water pricing), ecosystem-based approaches and `real options´ approaches to financing. These approaches can improve the flexibility of water policy and investment, reducing the cost of adjusting to changing conditions.
Southeast Asia's booming economy offers tremendous growth potential, but also large and interlinked economic, social and environmental challenges. The region's current growth model is based in large part on natural resource exploitation, exacerbating these challenges. This report provides evidence that, with the right policies and institutions, Southeast Asia can pursue green growth and thus sustain the natural capital and environmental services, including a stable climate, on which prosperity depends.Carried out in consultation with officials and researchers from across the region, Towards Green Growth in Southeast Asia provides a framework for regional leaders to design their own solutions to move their countries towards green growth.
Le programme d'examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d'environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l'action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l'apprentissage entre pairs, d'encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d'améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales. Chaque cycle d'examens environnementaux couvre la totalité des pays membres de l'OCDE ainsi que certains pays partenaires.Les examens les plus récents sont: l'Allemagne (2012), la Slovénie (2012), Israël (2011) et la République slovaque (2011).Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental du Mexique. Il évalue les progrès vers le développement durable et la croissance verte et met l'accent sur les politiques relatives au changement climatique, à la conservation de la biodiversité et des forêts.
This publication examines the critical issues surrounding water security (water shortage, water excess, inadequate water quality, the resilience of freshwater systems), providing a rationale for a risk-based approach and the management of trade-offs between water and other (sectoral and environmental) policies.
The report sets out a three-step process to "know", "target" and "manage" water risks: (1) appraising the risks, (2) judging the tolerability and acceptability of risks and weighing risk-risk trade-offs, and (3) calibrating appropriate responses.
The publication provides policy analysis and guidance on the use of market-based instruments and the complex links between water security and other policy objectives, such as food security, energy security, climate mitigation and biodiversity protection.
Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring co-ordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. And whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously.
Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.
CO2 emissions from energy production and consumption are a major contributor to climate change. Thus, stabilising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere by reducing these emissions is an increasingly urgent international necessity. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) represents one of the most promising potential solutions to contain emissions resulting from continued use of coal and other fossil fuels. This publication provides policymakers with a detailed summary of the main legal issues surrounding the CCS debate, including up-to-date background information, case studies and conclusions on the best legal and regulatory approaches to advance CCS. These strategies can be used to enable further development, deployment and demonstration of CCS technology, potentially an essential element in global efforts to mitigate climate change.
